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Insights from Human Factors International
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In This Issue Bob Bailey reviews:
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Web Page Design Facts 1
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Good grouping and good alignment make a difference
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Web Page Design Facts 2
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Pictures and words on buttons improve usability
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What do we really know about designing high quality, professional screens,
windows or web pages? What research-based facts are available? Good facts
are painfully slow in coming.
A few years ago, Tom Tullis (The formatting of alphanumeric displays:
a review and analysis, Tullis, T.S., Human Factors, 25(6), 657-682, 1983)
showed that human performance can be substantially improved with better
screen design. Since then, only a few others have tried to identify the
factors that make the most difference in screen, window or page design.
Even though we have many ‘guidelines,’ few have been validated.
Thus we have very few facts available as to ‘what works’ and
‘what does not work.’ Two recent studies attempted to shed
some light on this area.
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Evaluating the layout of graphical user interface
screens: validation of a numerical computerized model,Grose, E.,
Parush, A., Nadir, R. and Shtub, A., International Journal of Human-Computer
Interaction, 10(4), 343-360 (1998).
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IAvraham Parush, Ronen Nadir, Avraham Shtub (1998) at the Tel Aviv University
in Israel evaluated four factors to determine their impact on the design
of dialog boxes in graphical user interfaces. They considered:
- Alignment -- laying-out elements according to their alignment within
and between groups. For example, dialog boxes with poor alignment of
elements were considered to be more poorly designed.
- Grouping -- providing reasonable groups and good titles for groups
of elements. For example, dialog boxes with no group indicators were
considered to be poorly designed.
- Size -- having a variety of different sized elements. For example,
dialog boxes containing different sizes of widgets were considered to
be more poorly designed.
- Local density -- having a variety of different sized elements within
smaller areas of the entire window. For example, dialog boxes with much
empty space (white space) were considered as being more poorly designed.
Each factor had a well-designed and poorly designed condition. A combination
of either the well-designed or poorly designed conditions were shown on
each screen. Seventy-five participants perform several tasks using the
different screens.
They reported that good ‘grouping’ and good ‘alignment’
were related to having both shorter search times and higher preferences
for screens. The ‘local density’ and ‘size’ variables
had little or no effect. In addition, they found that user performance
was worse when several guidelines were violated simultaneously. Also,
the effects of poor design may be only temporary. The screens with the
worst designs initially produced very long search times, but the search
times shortened considerably as the subjects gained experience.
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Testing the boundaries of two user-centered design
principles: metaphors and memory load, Vaughan, M.W., International
Journal of Human-Computer Interaction, 10(3), 265-282 (1998).
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In a second study, Misha Vaughan (1998) at Indiana University attempted
to determine:
- if an interface uses pictures and words on buttons, is it more usable
than an interface that uses only pictures,
- if an interface uses familiar metaphors, will it be more usable than
one that uses system metaphors,
- if an interface uses the user’s natural language, will it be
more usable than an one that uses system language,
- if an interface uses simple metaphors, is it more usable than one
that uses complex metaphors, and
- if an interface uses shorter names for tasks and functions, is it
more usable than one that uses longer names.
Participants were 108 experienced computer users. The results indicated
that only when an interface ‘used pictures and words on buttons’
did the usability reliably improve.
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