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Introduction

Let's explore a recent job requirement for usability folks that may affect you.

From Flickr.com (seeking Sr. Product Manager):

Build a strategy and product requirements for Flickr features focused on the core photo sharing experience. Partner with user experience team on projects to improve site-wide usability and discoverability.

The usability job skill ("discoverability") in this job description involved finding stuff – pictures. In other venues, stuff could be music, books, restaurants, movies, food, clothing – or even a document from your organization's intranet.

So, are you supporting your user's need to find the right stuff when they enter their search criteria? This involves "tagging" – our topic for this UI Design Newsletter.

But the other job skill (sharing experience) involves user experience, or, as HFI calls it, PET (Persuasion, Emotion, Trust) approach.

Now, let's examine how you can guide your organization in both of these goals: discoverability of just the right product or service – but taking into account the PET motivation derived from the social sharing experience (also known in PET terms as "social proof").

We'll report on a 2010 study from seven European researchers affiliated with the L3S Research Center. They aimed to extract additional benefit from the "tagging" efforts by end-users.

As you know, tagging provides social web benefits through "crowd sourcing" efforts in identifying stuff others may want to know about. Delicious.com and other page tagging sites collect tags from folks – the "common person". This means everybody helps create a "catalog" of sites, all indexed by a "taxonomy" of common, descriptive words.

Web savants call the results of such tagging a "folksonomy". The resulting taxonomy from the tagging helps folks find what they want using the language given by the masses.

How can you insure your end-users ("folks") use the best tagging practice for objects, concepts, pictures, or documents? That's what we'll learn, next.

Toyota Prius

How to get better tags from our end-users with minimal extra work

 

Our researchers created a special add-on to the photo share site Flickr.com as a test vehicle for their ideas. They called it TagMe! The Next Generation of Tagging!.

Here's their home page. Check out their marketing appeals: "Categorize your assignments so that you can disambiguate them." (The word "disambiguate" clearly labels this site as a research site, not a commercial site!)

This study asked participants to tag photos provided in the web site both in the normal way and in a new, more automated manner. Let's see how that works...

  1. When looking at the picture you recently took of the Sydney Opera house in Australia, you expect to tag it.
  2. So you enter your tag in the "tag" field. You might enter "Sydney Opera House"

At this point, let us consider what a tag does for you.

Remember "keywords"? That's how we "search". We enter keywords that BEST describe our topic.

If you ever wanted this picture, what would you type? Of course "Sydney Opera House".

Or you could type "Sydney". Or you could type "Opera" or "House".

You get the point. There is some variability here in typing your search terms.

How can we improve on the odds of finding your picture again? We need a "collection" of good words!

So, that's what a tag does for you. You (and hundreds of other folks) have just entered one or more useful keywords. Tags make "discoverability" of content easier for your community of users.

Let's continue...

Figure 2: What participants saw when entering their tags. The addition of "categories" resulted in additional concepts that provided greater "discoverability" of what the end-user wanted in subsequent searches for photos.

  1. Now, after entering your tag, our L3S researchers offered a NEW function: the "category". Go ahead, follow the instructions given above. How would you categorize your tag? In this case, you might enter "architecture". This word is an umbrella term of which "Sydney Opera House" is a sub-classification.
  2. Wait, what have you just done? That instruction felt pretty good: it was reasonable, and not too hard. But unknown to you, you get a good benefit: you have added one more excellent keyword! 
  3. Furthermore, the authors experimental web site also provided "autocompletion" for both tag and category entries. This important qualification indicates that participants benefited by getting "prompts" to help standardize their new entries and increase tag and category consistency.
  4. The authors applauded autocompletion options for category tagging: "The vocabulary can be aligned much better if categories, which have been applied by other users, are provided as suggestions as well."

Let's take a look at the research results.

For the 600 unique item tags (blue line) end users entered about 110 unique categories (brown line). Fewer unique categories implies that each category' is more inclusive in the number of photos it describes.

Therefore, the use of categories helps cast a more inclusive net to help find the photos it describes. Then the normal "tag" becomes a sub-classification that narrows the search to a more precise conclusion.

Figure 3: Comparison of tag diversity versus category diversity when invented and entered by end-users. Tags are about 5.4 times more diverse than categories. This means "categories" have less diversity and serve to "expand" the results of using that category name as a search term.

The authors indicate "users seem to use different kinds of concepts for categories and tags respectively." Therefore, when a category is combined with regular tags, the "overlap" of criteria more capable of discovering the picture you want.

Recall that when you create a web page you can enter "keyword tags" in your HTML to aid search engines in characterizing that web page. Likewise, "tagging" in this new context aids subsequent searches. Having a regular tag plus a category tag supports greater discoverability.

Schematic Drawing

Figure 1. Test site based on Flickr. It allows participants to add tags and categories reflecting the experimental protocol described below.

Schematic Drawing

Figure 2: What participants saw when entering their tags. The addition of "categories" resulted in additional concepts that provided greater "discoverability" of what the end-user wanted in subsequent searches for photos.

Schematic Drawing

Figure 3: Comparison of tag diversity versus category diversity when invented and entered by end-users. Tags are about 5.4 times more diverse than categories. This means "categories" have less diversity and serve to "expand" the results of using that category name as a search term.

Wrapping up "discoverability"

This research describes methods for capitalizing on user actions to increase "discoverability" of subsequent searches. Both tags and categories support the user PET experience of community and sharing.

These actions include not only "tagging" but adding functions like "categories".

The semantic web is a new frontier. These are just a few examples of how we can leverage user tagging experiences and make them a powerful tool for discoverability.

References

Abel, F., Baldoni, M., Baroglio, C., Henze, N., Kawase, R., Krause, D., and Patti, V., 2010. Leveraging search and content exploration by exploiting context in folksonomy systems (Electronic Edition). New Review of Hypermedia and Multimedia, 16, 1 &2, pages 33-70

Message from the CEO, Dr. Eric Schaffer — The Pragmatic Ergonomist

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Reader comments

Laurence Smith
HP

 

Thank you for your excellent article. One of the biggest problems in information/knowledge management is convincing users to share their information and think about other users' needs instead of just their own needs. Good 'tagging' is essential for solving this problem.

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